STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE EARLY CHILDHOOD ENGLISH LANGUAGE ABILIATY

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Windi Dwi Andika, Najlatul Fatiyah, Adela Nurul Fadhilah, Maharani, Dia Natasya, Amelia Maharani

Early Childhood Education Study Program, UNSRI, Indralaya, Palembang

Abtract
English language skills in early childhood are an important foundation in language and communication development that plays a role in supporting academic and social success in the future. This study aims to explore and analyze various effective strategies in improving English language skills in early childhood. The methods used include literature studies and observations of learning activities in several early childhood education institutions. The research findings show that the application of learning methods that combine playing while learning, the use of interactive multimedia, and the creation of a bilingual environment can consistently increase children’s interest and English language skills. In addition, the active involvement of parents and teachers as supporters of the learning process also greatly influences the success of English learning in children. By implementing these strategies, it is hoped that early childhood English language skills can develop optimally and become a strong foundation for language learning in the next stage.

Keywords: English language skills, early childhood, learning strategies, bilingual environment, role of parents and teachers.

INTRODUCTION
Early childhood refers to individuals in the initial stage of learning before entering elementary school, specifically those aged 0 to 6 years. During this period, children absorb all forms of information they receive both positive and negative comprehensively, and such information is retained in their memory (Ulumudin et al., 2023). This stage is also considered the most strategic time to instill character values, as the character developed during this phase tends to be long-lasting and resistant to negative external influences in adulthood (Hasanah & Fajri, 2022). Early childhood is recognized as a period of unique growth and development based on each child’s developmental stage (Yuliandra et al., 2023). This stage is often referred to as the golden or critical period because it lays the foundational aspects of personality that will continue to develop throughout life (Sinurat et al., 2020). The early years of a child’s life, especially the first five years, are known as The Golden Age a critical time that shapes the course of a child’s development (Ardiana, 2022).

Experts consider this phase as a period of extraordinary development that occurs only once in a lifetime (Mayar et al., 2022). The age of 0 to 6 years is a crucial phase characterized by rapid growth and development, often referred to as the golden age (Khaironi, 2020). Since it happens only once in a lifetime, this phase should not be wasted and must be fully utilized by parents to provide appropriate stimulation (Aulia & Sudaryanti, 2023). Early childhood is also marked by physical growth such as increases in weight, height, and head circumference and developmental progress across various aspects of life (Ardiansari & Dimyati, 2021). This development includes social, physical, emotional, intellectual, and language domains (Nurhayati et al., 2021).

From the above definitions, it can be concluded that early childhood (ages 0–6) is a golden period of development, during which character, personality, and basic abilities begin to form. This stage plays a crucial role in shaping a child’s future growth and therefore requires appropriate stimulation.

Early childhood is a golden period when the child’s brain very easily absorbs information, including language. The child is able to imitate sounds and language structures spontaneously. Learning English early can increase self-confidence, reduce awkwardness when interacting with strangers, as well as foster multicultural awareness. Thus, the teaching of English plays an important role in shaping a child who is skilled, open, and tolerant of cultural differences (Sutarman et al., 2024). Early childhood has a natural ability to learn a new language. Without fear or embarrassment, they are bolder to try to speak English, which makes the learning process faster and more effective. In addition, learning English can hone cognitive abilities such as memory and concentration, as well as increase their confidence in communicating, which will be useful in the future (Wahab, 2024). The introduction of English in early childhood can start in the family. Parents play an important role even if they do not master English, it is enough to give encouragement and support so that the child is motivated. Learning can be done through fun activities such as playing, singing, reading fairy tales, or watching movies to support the child’s language development (Ambawani et al., 2024). To introduce English to children, it can be done by getting them used to speaking simple sentences, introducing new vocabulary through English books, and engaging them in social activities that use the language. Parents also need to support the child’s language development both academically and motivationally. Cooperation between parents and schools is important to support English learning in early childhood (Yundayani & Astuti, 2025),

Language ability is a person’s skill in using language effectively to communicate, which includes cognitive aspects, mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and the ability to understand and convey messages both orally and in writing (Anas, 2021). Children’s skills in communicating both orally and in writing, which include the process of understanding, using, analyzing, and changing knowledge through language according to the stages of language development experienced by the child (Yulia & Eliza, 2021). Language functions as a means of human communication to express thoughts and feelings and understand others (Rahma et al., 2022). English language ability is an individual’s ability to understand, speak, read, and write in English appropriately and effectively according to the existing situation or context. This competence includes mastery of vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and the ability to capture and convey messages using English (Saputri, 2020).

The storytelling method is a technique of orally conveying stories about certain events or actions, aimed at sharing knowledge and experiences with others. This activity has a significant positive impact on the overall development of children, particularly in their language skills (Wahyuningsih & Wati, 2023). Storytelling can enhance children’s listening skills and enrich their vocabulary, especially when delivered with engaging themes using simple and easily understood language. Research indicates that this method is effective in supporting early childhood language development (Nanik Setiawati, putra darma, 2023). The storytelling method is one technique for delivering learning experiences through narratives. Through stories, children gain new knowledge and experiences that contribute to the development and training of their language abilities (Khadijah et al., 2024). The use of animated videos combined with the show and tell method has proven to be effective in early childhood learning. This approach emphasizes basic communication skills, where children are given the opportunity to observe images or videos related to the lesson theme and are then asked to retell what they have seen (Afifah et al., 2023). The storytelling method is a promising strategy for stimulating language development in early childhood. This activity not only helps improve language skills but also creates an enjoyable learning experience that can motivate children (Hanipah & Siagian, 2023).

METHOD
This study uses a literature review method with the aim of analyzing 18 relevant literatures on “Strategies to Improve Early Childhood English Language Ability” in early childhood. This method was chosen to obtain a comprehensive picture of effective strategies in improving the English language skills of early childhood, especially early grades, by reviewing journals published in the last five years (2020–2025) indexed by Google Scholar and other journal databases, with a focus on articles that discuss English learning strategies for early elementary school children. The research flow is as follows:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of this study show that there are several effective learning strategies to improve the English language skills of young children. These can be summarized by the researcher in several key points, including the approach, model, method, and learning media as follows:

A. Learning Approaches to Improve the English Language Skills of Young Children
The use of interactive media based on Arduino Uno technology that combines audio and visual elements, and applies the method of playing and singing, aims to increase children’s interest and motivation to learn (Prastyaningrum et al., 2022). An innovative and interactive approach based on game mechanics is able to eliminate the passive nature of traditional learning methods and improve listening and speaking skills through more interesting and contextual exercises (Rusmana et al., 2023).

A multisensory approach that combines physical movement, visual stimulation, and hearing is applied to strengthen overall English language understanding (Ningsih et al., 2024). A communicative approach is used by inviting children to interact and communicate actively using English in everyday situations. With an interactive and fun approach, children are encouraged to participate actively through methods that are tailored to their developmental stage (Fitriyani et al., 2024).

With an Interactive and Fun approach: Encourage children’s active participation with methods that suit their developmental characteristics (Handayani et al., 2024). A combination of the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) and Direct Method (DM) methods is applied to obtain more optimal learning outcomes, by actively involving students in each activity so that their understanding deepens (Nisa et al., 2024). The interactive approach utilizes games and creative activities to create a fun and interesting learning atmosphere (Jauhari et al., 2025).

B. Learning Models to Improve the English Language Skills of Young Children
a) (Christi Parnamita A.R , Rufi’i, 2025) The use of Big Book media with the Paired Story Telling model has proven effective in English language learning. This model encourages student interaction through paired storytelling activities, with the teacher acting as a facilitator. The approach aligns with Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory and fosters an active and enjoyable learning environment. The media was developed using the ADDIE model and was deemed feasible by experts. It is recommended that the media be made more attractive and durable.
b) Another study applied the ADDIE model to develop a Quiet Book based on the Total Physical Response (TPR) method at TK Nasrani 2 Medan. This media aims to stimulate English vocabulary acquisition in children aged 5–6 and was validated by media, content, and practicality experts (Anugerah & Damanik, 2023).
c) The development of puppet-based video media also followed the ADDIE model, beginning with needs analysis and ending with evaluation, to ensure alignment with the characteristics of early childhood learners (Oktapiani et al., 2021).
d) Interactive storytelling methods, especially those supported by technology and animation, have also proven effective in improving children’s speaking skills. This model enriches vocabulary, increases participation, and supports enjoyable language learning (Oktanisfia & Susilo, 2021).

C. Learning Methods to Improve the English Language Skills of Young Children
a) The Game-Based Learning (GBL) method is a learning strategy that uses games as a means to deliver material, one of which is through the Baamboozle application. GBL has been proven to improve children’s understanding in learning English. Baamboozle itself is an interactive platform that provides a variety of educational games that can be used in the classroom. Through Baamboozle, teachers and students can learn while playing in a fun and interactive way (Sunardi et al., n.d.)
b) The Total Physical Response (TPR) and Picture Sequence approaches are two methods that have proven to be effective in teaching English to children. The TPR method relies on physical responses to verbal instructions, helping children understand and remember new vocabulary more easily through movement and physical activity. On the other hand, the Picture Sequence method uses a sequence of images to tell a story or explain a concept, which can strengthen children’s understanding of sentence structure and storylines in English (Yuliyanti et al., 2024)
c) The Suggestopedia method is a learning approach that combines a calm learning atmosphere, musical accompaniment, and the use of suggestions to help optimize children’s learning potential. In English language habituation activities, this method is used as the main strategy by utilizing elements of music, games, and relaxation to create a conducive, fun, and stimulating learning atmosphere for children (Rahayu, 2024).
d) The Alphabet method is a learning approach that utilizes the letters of the alphabet as a medium, starting from the letter A to the letter Z. This method is applied by linking the child’s personal experiences and their cognitive abilities. As a new method, Alphabet provides an easy-to-remember way for young children to introduce English from the start. By teaching English vocabulary through this method, children will find it easier to memorize words that start with the letters of the alphabet, such as A for Apple, B for Ball, C for Cat, D for Doll, E for Elephant, F for Fan, and so on (Uswar & Harahap, 2021)
e) The singing method is an effective and enjoyable learning approach. This method can help improve learning motivation, concentration, memory, creativity, and student expression. In addition, the singing method has also been proven effective in enriching English in children of gestational age
(Wardani & Jannati, 2024).

D. Learning Media to Improve Early Childhood English Language Skills
In addition to considering the approaches, models, or methods of teaching to improve early childhood English language skills, it is also important to pay attention to the media used in the learning process. Based on the results of the research conducted, there are several media that can be used to enhance early childhood English language skills, as follows:
1. Picture Story Books. Bilingual picture story books are media that contain text in both Indonesian and English, which serve to enrich children’s vocabulary and provide insights into character through stories that are rich in moral values. One example is the book titled “Kumpulan Dongeng Karakter Baik untuk Anak”, which has been proven to significantly contribute to improving children’s vocabulary mastery. Of the 18 character values referenced, this book presents seven main values, namely: 1) honesty, 2) discipline, 3) tolerance, 4) work ethic, 5) friendly and communicative attitude, 6) love for peace, and 7) responsibility (Ilma & Handayani, 2023),
2. Interactive Animation or Animated Videos. Interactive animation media is a combination of images, text, lines, and other visual elements enhanced with motion (visual) and sound (audio) effects, which make it more engaging for users and allow for interaction. Through animation, static objects can appear to move and create a sense of life. The use of interactive animation in English language learning makes the learning process more enjoyable and interesting for children, while also helping them read more accurately (Indah & Muryanti, 2023). In line with this, according to (Qamariah et al., 2023), animated videos play a significant role in helping young children learn English vocabulary. Audiovisual media such as videos are considered effective in supporting vocabulary acquisition for children.
3. Educational Games. The use of educational games can create an engaging learning experience and encourage active involvement from children in the learning process. Additionally, these games provide children with the freedom to develop their potential without being restricted by time and place. This means that children can learn while playing anytime and anywhere, as long as they are supervised by a teacher or parent. (Martins et al., 2024).
4. English for Kids Application. The “English for Kids” application is a media for learning English that uses images and games such as matching and arranging words to make the learning process more enjoyable. With this application, children can easily introduce themselves to new English vocabulary. In addition, this application also helps enhance children’s linguistic intelligence through various activities, such as listening, arranging words, and matching words with images (Ulwiyah, 2022).
5. Game ular tangga. Game ular tangga consists of three main components: game pieces, dice, and the game board itself. This game is usually played by two or more people. The goal of this game is to encourage children’s activity, enthusiasm, and bravery in expressing their opinions, which in turn supports the development of their speaking skills. In fact, some studies have shown that ular tangga is effective in helping young children familiarize themselves with English vocabulary (Majuwita & Muryanti, 2022).

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
This study highlights various effective learning strategies to improve English language skills in young children. Key approaches include interactive media, game-based learning, multisensory methods, and communicative approaches that encourage active participation. Effective learning models include Paired Story Telling, Problem-Based Learning, and Total Physical Response, while methods like Game-Based Learning, Suggestopedia, and Alphabet approaches have also shown promise. Additionally, learning media such as picture story books, interactive animations, educational games, and specific applications like “English for Kids” can enhance language skills in young learners. Overall, the findings suggest that incorporating interactive, fun, and engaging approaches can significantly improve English language acquisition in early childhood.

Suggestions
Based on the research findings, researchers suggest implementing learning models such as Paired Story Telling, Problem-Based Learning, and Total Physical Response that can improve children’s speaking and reading skills. Collaboration between teachers and parents is also essential to create a conducive and enjoyable learning environment. Further research can be conducted to develop more effective and innovative learning strategies, so that this research can serve as a reference for other researchers to improve the quality of English language learning in children.

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